Life-sciences

  Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Unveiling the Blueprint of Precision DNA Amplification In the world of molecular biology, few techniques have had as profound an impact as the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). This revolutionary process, developed in the mid-1980s by Kary B. Mullis, has transformed the field of genetics, medicine, forensic science, and countless other disciplines. By allowing scientists to amplify specific DNA sequences with incredible precision, PCR has unlocked new frontiers in research, diagnostics, and technology development. Understanding PCR: The Molecular Copy Machine At its core, PCR is a molecular copy machine that enables the rapid amplification of a specific segment of DNA. It achieves this through a repetitive cycling process that generates millions to billions of copies of the target DNA sequence. The beauty of PCR lies in its simplicity and versatility, making it a cornerstone technique in modern molecular biology laboratories. The Components of PCR PCR

Cloning is a biological term used to make multiple copies of a particular organism by using the asexual method. Cloning can be of different types including bacterial cloning, fission, etc. We can use the process to make multiple copies of a particular gene by using a particular vector i.e., E.coli. The most commonly used biological vectors are plasmids (extrachromosomal structures in bacteria).                                        The first animal was cloned by splitting embryos in a test tube and the resulting embryos were transferred to the womb of adult female mice. Following that, biologists produced several other animals including cows, sheep, cattle, horses, mules, ox, etc. The nucleus can be transferred to the recipient organism by using two methods. One of the methods involves the removal of the nucleus by injecting a needle and transferring it to another cell. The second method involves the use of electric current to transfer the nucleus from a somatic cell to another empti