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BIOLOGY

Polymerase Chain Reaction

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Polymerase Chain Reaction Within the domain of atomic science, Polymerase Chain Response (PCR) stands as a foundation, revolutionizing the way researchers analyze and open up DNA. PCR, a capable method created by Kary Mullis in 1983, has gotten to be an crucial device in different logical disciplines, extending from hereditary qualities and forensics to restorative diagnostics. Understanding the Essentials of PCR: PCR could be a strategy utilized to exponentially increase a particular portion of DNA, permitting analysts to produce millions of duplicates from a little beginning test. This handle includes three primary steps: denaturation, strengthening, and expansion. Amid denaturation, the DNA twofold helix is isolated into two single strands. Within the strengthening step, preliminaries tie to the focused on DNA grouping, and at long last, DNA polymerase synthesizes complementary strands amid the expansion stage. Applications of PCR in Medication: PCR has revolutionized restorative di
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Explore the attractive world of microbiology: Launch of micro heroes

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 What Is Microbiology   Microbiology is a scientific discipline that investigates the invisible world. It has been called the study of invisibility. We will explore the exciting world of microbiology in this article, focusing on its significance and vitality to our everyday existence. Basic Microbiology   The scientific discipline of microbiology is centered on the examination of tiny microorganisms. These include bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, etc. Bacteria are found in every corner of the world, and they have a profound impact on ecosystems, health, as well as industry.  Importance of microbiology  The role of bacteria in our daily lives is as important as their function in the environment or how they impact our bodies. They are essential in the recycling of nutrients, treatment of wastewater, and through fermentation (or other processes) to produce a diverse range of foods and beverages. Medical microbiology   Discover additional information about pathogens. A significant aspec
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Ecology

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 What Is Ecology  Ecology is the study of interaction of living organisms with their environment. For example, parasitism, mutualism, and symbiosis. Types Of Ecology  There are the following types of ecology. Parasitism: It's an ecological relationship between two living organisms. For example, mice, ticks, are parasites. In this relationship, one living organism is harmed and other gets the benefit. Mutualism  In this relationship, both organisms get benefit from each other. Lichen is an association between fungi and algae. Algae provides food whereas fungi provides shelter and helps to absorb minerals from soil.  Mycorrhiza It's an association between fungi and plant. Plant provides photosynthetic food to the fungi and fungi helps  plant to absorb water and nutrients from soil.
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Polymerase Chain Reaction

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  Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Unveiling the Blueprint of Precision DNA Amplification In the world of molecular biology, few techniques have had as profound an impact as the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). This revolutionary process, developed in the mid-1980s by Kary B. Mullis, has transformed the field of genetics, medicine, forensic science, and countless other disciplines. By allowing scientists to amplify specific DNA sequences with incredible precision, PCR has unlocked new frontiers in research, diagnostics, and technology development. Understanding PCR: The Molecular Copy Machine At its core, PCR is a molecular copy machine that enables the rapid amplification of a specific segment of DNA. It achieves this through a repetitive cycling process that generates millions to billions of copies of the target DNA sequence. The beauty of PCR lies in its simplicity and versatility, making it a cornerstone technique in modern molecular biology laboratories. The Components of PCR PCR
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Thalassemia Minor

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Thalassemia minor is a heterozygous condition in which one of the two alleles carries a mutant gene sequence. The carrier of beta-thalassemia minor does not show the severe symptoms of beta-thalassemia. However, if a beta-thalassemia carrier individual marries a thalassemia carrier woman, there is a 25% chance to transfer the disease to their offspring.  Screening of beta-thalassemia minor Carriers of beta-thalassemia may experience milder anemia and have fewer RBCs as compared to non-carrier individuals. In order to decrease the incidence of beta-thalassemia major, carriers must be screened for beta-thalassemia traits before marriage. Carrier counseling should be recommended to married couples to overcome the higher incidence of beta-thalassemia. There are different types of screening programs implemented at the national level including pre-marital screening, antenatal screening, and prenatal screening to control the rapidly increasing prevalence of beta-thalassemia. The preval
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Thalassemia

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Today, Thalassemia is one of the most prevalent hemoglobinopathies affecting millions of people worldwide. Thalassemia has become a major health concern globally. 65, 000 children are born with beta-thalassemia major every year. The prevalence of beta-thalassemia is increasing day by day due to a lack of awareness, increasing population, and cousin marriages. According to statistical reports, 1 of 100,000 individuals suffers from beta-thalassemia major worldwide. Thalassemia is characterized by a substitution mutation in the beta-globin gene. Hemoglobin supplies oxygenated blood throughout our bodies.  Symptoms of Beta Thalassemia Symptoms of beta-thalassemia include Pallor, hypoxia, jaundice, fatigue, and loss of appetite. The person suffering from beta-thalassemia requires regular blood transfusion once a week to survive. Due to continuous blood transfusion, there is an excess iron built up resulting in toxicity to other body organs including the liver, heart, pancreas, etc. So, to r
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Epigenetic

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Genes are regulated by transcription regulators and enhancers. However, several other mechanisms are involved to functionally express a gene. Suppose a script is directed by specific regulators to express a particular gene sequence. If a cell is meant to produce a specific protein, the gene will be activated to produce a certain trait or protein. The false gene regulation can result into certain disorders, one of the predominant examples is cancer. In cancer, the transcription factors regulating cell division are mutated.   Difference between genetics and epigenetics Genetics is the transfer of genetic information from parent to offspring whereas epigenetic involves the process that control gene expression. The environment has a great influence on the expression of genes. So, if two individual are genetically similar, there may be a greater differences regarding the phenotypes due to changes in the gene expression. The genetic material is same but the expression is different. Today, sc
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